Harmful Effects of Plastic Essay Example for Free

Hurtful Effects of Plastic Essay Creation and Types of Plastic A plastic is made up chiefly of a fastener along with plasticizers, fillers, colors, and different added substances. The fastener gives a plastic its fundamental qualities and for the most part its name. Along these lines, polyvinyl chloride is both the name of a folio and the name of a plastic into which it is made. Folios might be characteristic materials, e.g., cellulose subsidiaries, casein, or milk protein, yet are all the more ordinarily engineered pitches. In either case, the fastener materials comprise of extremely long chainlike atoms called polymers. Cellulose subsidiaries are produced using cellulose, a normally happening polymer; casein is likewise a normally happening polymer. Manufactured saps are polymerized, or developed, from little basic atoms called monomers. Plasticizers are added to a cover to expand adaptability and durability. Fillers are added to improve specific properties, e.g., hardness or protection from stun. Shades are utilized to confer different hues. For all intents and purposes any ideal shading or shape and numerous mixes of the properties of hardness, sturdiness, flexibility, and protection from warmth, cold, and corrosive can be gotten in a plastic. There are two essential kinds of plastic: thermosetting, which can't be resoftened subsequent to being exposed to warmth and weight; and thermoplastic, which can be more than once mollified and remolded by warmth and weight. At the point when warmth and weight are applied to a thermoplastic cover, the chainlike polymers slide past one another, giving the material versatility. Be that as it may, when warmth and weight are at first applied to a thermosetting cover, the sub-atomic chains become cross-connected, consequently forestalling any slippage if warmth and weight are reapplied. - Be Wise With Plastics Plastics are all over and much of the time are entirely moderate and helpful. In any case, progressively researchers are finding that a concealed expense might be our wellbeing. Some regular plastics discharge hurtful synthetic concoctions into our air, nourishments, and beverages. Perhaps you can’t see or taste it, however in the event that you’re serving your supper on plastic, you’re likely eating somewhat plastic for supper. Past the prompt wellbeing dangers, our expanding utilization of plastics is causing a colossal measure of suffering contamination. All of plastic that has ever been made despite everything exists (aside from the smidgen that has been burned, which discharges poisonous synthetic concoctions). In the sea, plastic waste is gathering in mammoth gyres of flotsam and jetsam where, among other thing, fish are ingesting poisonous plastic bits at a rate which will before long make them risky to eat. Plastic is commonly harmful to deliver, poisonous to utilize, and poisonous to discard. Fortunately, we would all be able to settle on more secure decisions. What to Do The best activity is to lessen your utilization of plastic. Search for normal choices like materials, strong wood, bamboo, glass, hardened steel, and so on. Additionally, search for things with less (or no) plastic bundling. In the event that you do purchase plastic, pick items you can reuse or re-reason (for example a yogurt tub can be re-used to store colored pencils). Furthermore, become acquainted with your plastics †beginning with this guide: The most widely recognized plastics have a pitch code in a pursuing bolt image (regularly found on the base of the item). PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate): Stay away from Regular Uses: Soda Bottles, Water Bottles, Cooking Oil Bottles Concerns: Can drain antimony and phthalates. HDPE (High Density Polyethylene): SAFER Basic Uses: Milk Jugs, Plastic Bags, Yogurt Cups PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride, otherwise known as Vinyl): AVOID Basic Uses: Condiment Bottles, Cling Wrap, Teething Rings, Toys, Shower Curtains Concerns: Can filter lead and phthalates in addition to other things. Can likewise off-gas poisonous synthetic concoctions. LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene): More secure Basic Uses: Produce Bags, Food Storage Containers PP (Polypropylene): SAFER Basic Uses: Bottle Caps, Storage Containers, Dishware PS (Polystyrene, otherwise known as Styrofoam): AVOID Basic Uses: Meat Trays, Foam Food Containers Cups Concerns: Can drain cancer-causing styrene and estrogenic alkylphenols Other this is a trick all class which incorporates: PC (Polycarbonate): AVOID can filter Bisphenol-A (BPA). It additionally incorporates ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), SAN (Styrene Acrylonitrile), Acrylic, and Polyamide. These plastics can be a more secure choice since they are regularly entirely strong and impervious to high warmth bringing about less filtering. Their disadvantages are that they are not commonly recyclable and some need extra wellbeing research. New plant-based, biodegradable plastics like PLA (Polylactic Acid) likewise fall into the #7 class.

Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Economy - Assignment Example The association was built up in 1944 and in mid 1995, it supplanted the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), turning into the primary association fuelling the procedure of exchange dealings. The Secretariat of the WTO is available in Geneva and in excess of 140 nations are individuals from the association, comprising for about 97% of the exchange everywhere throughout the world. 30 different nations have an arranging enrollment in WTO. The primary job of WTO is to alleviate the hindrances that are available to worldwide exchange just as to make the procedure of exchange on the global level increasingly straightforward and unsurprising. Also the WTO capacities to direct and authorize the laws that are planned by the association to keep up straightforwardness in exchange and to control the trading of merchandise that occur under the classification of imports and fares of the two products and enterprises. The laws that are passed by the WTO can be altered through exchange deal ings to advance the certified interests of the individuals. It very well may be contended that alterations to exchange arrangements affect the economy of the nation similarly as exchange strategies themselves do. The point of this paper is to dig in more noteworthy insight about the rudiments of financial investigation and how is it utilized in exchange arrangements. Additionally the paper investigates the plausible financial advantages that may come full circle because of the accomplishment of the exchange dealings. The paper talks about how financial matters can be utilized with the end goal of distinguishing proof of current disappointment of Beneficiaries to go to an understanding in regards to exchange arrangements. Examining the WTO in this specific situation, one comes to welcome that the association serves two prime capacities (Bruch and Environmental Law Institute 2002). Initially, the WTO has a policymaking job. This follows WTO gives a stage to countries to come join toge ther and talk about different parts of exchange between them. Nations are assembled to arrange multilateral exchange understandings. In such manner, the WTO likewise has the power to survey the exchange approaches of the part nations. Furthermore, the WTO serves a contest settlement job. The WTO gives one more stage to nations to go to an answer viewing their questions which surface because of the exchange understandings between the nations. The policymaking job of the Organization is basically part determined; then again, the debate settlement position gives the obligation of settling questions to autonomous specially appointed boards (Bruch and Environmental Law Institute 2002). One angle that the Organization needs to manage regard to exchange is exchange dealings. Dealings are fashioned with predicaments and differences among the partaking countries and it is difficult to arrive at an accord in regards to a significant number of the issues being talked about. While taking an int erest in a culmination, countries would will in general get their form of the correction put into impact, supporting their own national needs. Along these lines, one can set up that the procedure of exchange dealings on such a huge scope is never a success win circumstance. The procedure of exchange arrangements between nations affects the principles and guidelines that WTO drafts and implements. The procedure of exchange arrangements and the ensuing changes that are made to the exchange agreeme

Fall 2017 New Students Series Karl Hendler COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2017 New Students Series Karl Hendler COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This week I shared were gearing up for our annual introduction series featuring the incoming Fall 2017 class. To get us started, please welcome Karl Hendler from Richfield, Ohio. Karl was a philosophy major from the University of Southern California, and joined the US Marine Corps upon graduation. (Thank you for your service, Karl!) Hes joining SIPA to change gears and focus more on  designing policy rather than executing it.   Full Name:  Karl Hendler Age:  31 Degree Program:  Master of Public Administration Concentration:  International Security Policy Hometown:  Richfield, OH Undergraduate University:  Univ Southern California Undergraduate Major:  Philosophy Undergraduate Graduation Year:  2008 What’s your professional background? Immediately upon graduating college, I was commissioned into the US Marine Corps as a Second Lieutenant. I spent my first year in training in Quantico, VA, first in The Basic School (infantry training for all newly commissioned Marine officers) and then at Basic Communications Officer Course. I spent the next eight years as a communications officer, a specialty in which I planned and supervised the installation and operation of voice, video, and data communications networks at various levels throughout the Marine Corps. In this time, Ive lived in Okinawa, Japan, Camp Lejeune, NC, and another stint in Quantico. Ive also deployed on the USS Essex, taking part in exercises and port visits throughout Asia (Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, and the Philippines). In 2013, I deployed to Helmand Province, Afghanistan, for a year as a future operations officer, taking part in the planning of the years operations. Lastly, in Quantico I am currently serving as a capabilities devel opment officer, planning the implementation of future technologies throughout the Marine Corps. I will resign my commission at the end of June, with a final rank of Captain. Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experience in? I see myself as changing careers into a related field. As a Marine Ive served more of an instrument of foreign and public policy, and SIPA will give me the opportunity of transitioning into influencing the formulation of policy. What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? My first reaction was a giant sigh of relief. SIPA was by far my first choice school, and I had no idea what to expect when I applied after being out of school for so long. Without any reference point as to how competitive I was as an applicant, I was extremely nervous during the entire application period. Why did you say yes to SIPA? SIPA was my first choice for two main reasons. First, academically, SIPA appears to strike the right balance for me in terms of focus. Programs like those offered at the Harvard Kennedy School seemed very broad in addressing public policy; whereas others like the Security Studies Program at Georgetown seemed too narrow in focusing on security exclusively. SIPA, I think, takes the best parts of those schools and molds them together into a very well-rounded program. Secondly, I love the location, quite frankly. My wife and I have always wanted to live in New York. What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? I look forward most to getting exposed to the wide range of diverse people and perspectives. Ive thus far spent my entire (albeit relatively short) adult life in the Marine Corps, living and working among other Marines almost exclusively. I think I see the world through a lens provided by the military, and I am keen to gain a more comprehensive view of the world around me. Do you have any apprehensions about starting graduate school? I graduated college in 2008, and with the exception of GRE prep and taking economics and statistics online to reinforce my transcript, Ive been removed from academics for seemingly a lifetime. Id like to think Ill do well, but I wont know for sure until we start in the fall. What are your goals after SIPA? Broadly, I want to continue serving my country, though this time around Id like to have a say (however small) in forming national security policy, using my experience in the military to hopefully inform plans and ideas concerning military interventions. Ill be looking at government agencies for those opportunities, but I also look forward to exploring private options as well. If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? Id like to tweak how leaders think about military interventions: often we see debates about intervening in a country with leaders speaking in terms of numbers of troops, bombs dropped, or missiles launched. Whenever a government considers any kind of military operation in another country, however, Id like to consider those in the country being impacted and focus on potential long-term ramifications on how, as a society, they will view us and cooperate (or not) with us in the future. Tell us something interesting about yourself: I spent the first three days of my life without a name: My parents had planned to name me Peter Hendler III, but when I was born my mom thought I didnt look like a Peter. My parents spent the next three days in vain attempting to decide upon another name, until my grandmother suggested the name of her brother, Karl. Share your story by completing  the New Student Self-Interview Form  today! [Photos courtesy of Karl Hendler | At Fredericksburg, VA, Oktoberfest, Sep 2016 | With Stacy and my son William at the DC Cherry Blossom Festival, Mar 2017] *Note: This series is published in its original form with no editing.

MANAGING LEARNER PARTICIPATION IN THE CLASSROOM Essay

QUESTION 1: MANAGING LEARNER PARTICIPATION IN THE CLASSROOM TABLE OF CONTENTS A. INTRODUCTION 1. LEARNER MOTIVATION 2. GROUP WORK 3. CULTURAL DIVERSITY 4. MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 5. TEACHING AND LEARNING STYLES 6. CONCLUSION 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. INTRODUCTION Irrespective of the depth of knowledge of the subject matter and teaching techniques known by an educator, it is very paramount for educators to know how to get learners actively involved in learning. It is very crucial to understand how to manage the entire classroom so as to get learners engaged in the task marked for them such that they are excited to be at school, eager to learn, and focused on lessons. I will be examining this task under the following aspects:†¦show more content†¦Will say something to the effect that If you can handle the examples on these problem sheets, you can pass the exam. People who have trouble with these examples can ask me for extra help. Or instead of saying Youre way behind, tell the student, Here is one way you could go about learning the material. How can I help you? Strengthen students self-motivation. Avoid messages that reinforce the power of an instructor or that emphasize extrinsic rewards. Instead of saying I require, you must, or you should, I would rather stress I think you will find†¦, or I will be interested in your reaction. Avoid creating intense competition among students. Bligh (1971) reports that students are more attentive, display better comprehension, produce more work, and are more favourable to the teaching method when they work cooperatively in groups rather than compete as individuals. Refrain from public criticisms of students performance and from comments or activities that pit students against one another. Be enthusiastic about your subject. An instructors enthusiasm is a crucial factor in student motivation. If you become bored or apathetic, students will too. Typically, an instructors enthusiasm comes from confidence, excitement about the content and genuine pleasure in teaching. If I am uninterested in the material, I think back to what attracted me to the field and bring those aspects of the subject matter to lifeShow MoreRelatedCase for Student Communication in Online Classes1246 Words   |  5 Pageswe learn.† (Maddix; 2010). During these recent years web- based learning has gained so much popularity that, online courses enrolments continue to climb, but retention and completion rates in such courses and programs are lower than traditional classroom schooling. Because of these problems educators have looked into the problems to see what can be done to reverse the trend. As more formal education courses become available online, quality and non-completion remain a problem. This brings me to askRead MoreCompari son Between Classroom Management And The Regulation Of Learner Behavior And Its Effective Learning1666 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Classroom management is applicable in the regulation of learner behavior and consequent effective learning. Class management that is effective involves the attainment of a rich understanding of learner’s needs, the creation of a positive classroom climate as well as students involvement in the process of learning (Emmer Sabornie, 2014). Classroom management has the ultimate objective of making the schoolroom environment-friendly for learning. In this way, classroom management’s primaryRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Children1643 Words   |  7 Pageson promoting access, participation, and progress in education curriculum and allows for the inclusion of learners with diverse needs, we aim to provide a presentation that meets the individual need of participants by representing ideas in a variety of ways, allowing for individualized expression, and encouraging engagement based on learners needs. Though a core concept of this model is the advocacy of those with learni ng disabilities to be incorporated into regular classrooms, this model is stillRead More Effective support strategies for learners Essay597 Words   |  3 Pages Effective classrooms have a positive and purposeful atmosphere, where students and teachers feel valued, and work together in a supportive and safe environment. The effective classroom is one where students learn, and teachers help them to do so without spending much of their time managing problem or difficult behaviour. However, this is not an easy task, and at one time or another teachers may experience difficulty in maintaining a harmonious working environment. The main focus of this chapterRead MoreMy Understanding Of Effective Learning1543 Words   |  7 Pagespositive learner-centred environment that promotes their success and nurtures their individual desires to learn. My understanding of effective learning is developed from the social constructivist theory, which focuses on the role of social interaction and on the impact of sociocultural factors on our ability to process information cognitively (Rogoff, 1998). There are four key principles that uniquely represent a constructivist approach: Learners are active participants in learning, learners are self-regulatedRead MoreMy Understanding Of Effective Learning1543 Words   |  7 Pagespositive learner-centred environment that promotes their success and nurtures their individual desires to learn. My understanding of effective learning is developed from the social constructivist theory, which focuses on the role of social interaction and on the impact of sociocultural factors on our ability to process information cognitively (Rogoff, 1998). There are four key principles that uniquely represent a constructivist approach: Learners are active participants in learning, learners are self-regulatedRead MoreThe Learning Environment Of For Online Instruction1513 Words   |  7 Pagesthis writer identified pertinent scholarly articles that dealt with social constructivism and eLearning. In all of the articles, the authors placed great emphasis upon the learner- centered approach. From the gleanings of the information researched, it is what we (practitioners) do with the information, and how we as (learners) construct knowledge that is relevant and important to eLearning. Some of the Best Practices that are considered priority practices are installing the correct learning contentRead MoreThe Teaching English Language Skills1650 Words   |  7 PagesOnce there was a time in teaching English, when teachers had mainly followed the traditional approach of teaching in various universities, where the learner used to be dependent only on the lecture delivered by the teacher. The learners were not exposed sufficient practice on their own and the interaction among the learners in the classroom was almost absent. That time the main focus was on grammatical rules, memorization of vocabulary, translation of texts and doing writing exercises. Classes wereRead MoreLanguage Pedagogy And Teaching Strategies1464 Words   |  6 PagesAustralia, CLT is a preferred approach to be adopted for second language teaching (Fernandez, 2008). Therefore, the pedagogy of CLT incorporating an array of supportive teaching strategies will be implemented in my LOTE teaching to ensure that all L2 learners are engaged, challenged and learning successfully. Communicative Language Teaching Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is a method to teach modern languages that focuses on learning to communicate. In terms of principles of CLT, KumaravadiveluRead MoreClassroom Management Plan1553 Words   |  6 PagesManagement Plan Having a well-managed classroom is essential in creation of an effective classroom flow. In creating a well-managed classroom it is important that students have structure to follow. This provides an optimal learning environment for the students, where they feel secure. 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Clues in the Pre-1850 US Censuses - How to Dig Details from the Early Census Records

Most genealogists researching American ancestors love the detailed censuses taken between 1850 and 1940. Yet our eyes glaze over and our head starts hurting when we take on the columns and head counts of the pre-1850 census enumerations. Many researchers go so far as to avoid them altogether, or use them only as a source for the head of household. When used together, however, these early U.S. census records can often provide important clues to early American families. The earliest U.S. census schedules, 1790-1840, furnish only the names of the free heads of family, not of other family members. These schedules totaled the number of other family members, without name, by free or slave status. Free, white individuals were also grouped by age and sex categories from 1790 through 1810 - a categorization that eventually applied to other persons. The age categories also increased each year, from two age groups for free white males only in 1790, to twelve age groups for free whites and six age groups for slaves and free colored persons in 1840. What Can pre-1850 Census Records Tell US? Since the pre-1850 census records dont identify names (other than head of household) or family relationships, you may be wondering what they can tell you about your ancestors. Pre-1850 census records can be used to: track your ancestors movements prior to 1850distinguish between individuals with the same nameidentify possible children that you may not be aware ofidentify possible parents for your ancestoridentify possible relatives among neighbors By themselves, these early census records dont often provide much useful information, but used together they can generally provide a good picture of a familys structure. The key here is to identify your family in as many of the 1790-1840 censuses as possible, and analyze the information found in each one in conjunction with the others. Sorting Out Whos Who When I research in the pre-1850 census records, I begin by creating a list identifying each individual, their age, and the range of birth years supported by their given age. Looking at the family of Louisa May Alcott* in the 1840 census of Concord, Massachusetts, for example: A.B. Alcott (Amos Bronson Alcott), age 40-49 (b. 1790-1800) 1799Female (wife Abigail?), age 40-49 (b. 1790-1800) 1800Girl (Anna Bronson?), age 10-14 (b. 1825-1831) 1831Girl (Louisa May?), age 5-9 (b. 1831-1836) 1832Girl (Elizabeth Sewell?), age 5-9 (b. 1831-1836) 1835 *the youngest daughter, May, was born in July 1840...after the date of the 1840 census Tip! Men of the same name referred to as Sr or Jr werent necessarily Father and Son. These designations were often used to distinguish between two different people of the same name in the area - Sr for the elder, and Jr for the younger. This method can actually be used to sort out possible parents for your ancestors as well. In researching my Owens ancestors in Edgecombe County, N.C., Ive created a large chart of all of the Owens men listed in the pre-1850 census records, along with the members of their households and the age brackets. While I still havent been able to confirm exactly who goes where, this method did help me narrow down the possibilities. Narrowing Down Birth Dates Using several U.S. census records, you can often narrow down the ages of these early ancestors. To do this, it helps to create a list of the ages and possible birth years for each census year in which you can find your ancestor. Census records can help narrow down the birth year of Amos Bronson Alcox/Alcott, for example, to a range between 1795 and 1800. To be honest, you can get that range for him from a single census record (either 1800 or 1810), but having that same range possible in multiple censuses increases your likelihood of being correct. Amos B. Alcox/Alcott 1840, Concord, Middlesex, Massachusettshead of household, age 40-49 (1790-1800) 1820, Wolcott, New Haven, Connecticutone of the 2 males age 16-25 (1795-1804) 1810, Wolcott, New Haven, Connecticut1 male, age 10-15 (1795-1800) 1800, Wolcott, New Haven, Connecticutmale, age 0-4 (1795-1800) His actual date of birth is 29 Nov 1799, which fits right in. Next Digging Up Deaths from Pre-1850 Census Records Analyzing Family Members Birth Dates Digging Up Deaths Clues to death dates may also be found in the early US census records prior to 1850. The 1830 federal census, for example, lists Anna Alcott (mother of Amos) as head of household with Wd. (for widow) after her name. From this, we know that Joseph Alcott died sometime between the 1820 and 1830 census (he actually died in 1829). Using the age bracket method for the wife/spouse for each census year may reveal the death of one wife and marriage to another. This is generally just guesswork, but look for instances when her possible age jumps between one census and the next, or when the age of the wife makes her too young to be the mother of all the children. Sometimes youll find young children who appear to disappear between one census and the next. This could mean they were just living elsewhere at the time of the census, but it could also indicate that they died.

Essay on The NYS Early Learning Guidelines - 641 Words

The NYS Early Learning Guidelines were created as a reference guide by the Early Childhood Advisory Council (ECAC) for those who are responsible for the care and education of young children. These guidelines can help early childhood professionals with learning and developing their skills in order to foster children’s growth and development. The guideline focuses on the five domains: Physical well-being, Health and Motor Development, Social and Emotional Development, Approaches to learning, Cognition and General Knowledge, Language, Communication and Literacy. Each of these domains are separated by milestone that children, generally, accomplishes at a certain age. The three age groups are Infancy (birth to 18 months), Toddlerhood (18 months†¦show more content†¦The second indicator states that children will know that the alphabet has a symbolic representation that has an individual name. Using one letter shows that each letter has an individual name and shape. Children will learn to recognize the letters when they internalize the name to the physical appearance. The NYS Early Learning Guidelines suggest reading an alphabet book with children. Alphabet books are useful because the letter has a physical form so children can look and say the name of the letter. Also, alphabet books can help build vocabulary. Using an alphabet book during story time helps assess whether or not children remember the letters they learned before. One indicator of the guideline is the child’s ability to â€Å"associate names of letters with their shapes.† (pg. 108) First I would show the pages to children without reading the book. They can link letters to the beginning of their names and they can ask or tell me what word begins with that letter. After reading the book I can ask the children about the letters in the book. I can focus on the letters we have done previously and what objects we can name with them. I can ask them to point out the letters on the alphabet chart. Then I can focus on the letter we are currently working on in class. We can create a word chart with words that begin with the letter â€Å"D.† They can pointShow MoreRelatedThe First Few Years Of Young Children’S Lives Are Very1094 Words   |  5 Pagesoverall development because new learning is happening every day, either during time spent with a teacher or parent. When children are four years old, they are with a teacher full time or part time. That teacher is a professional individual who plays an active role in children’s early childhood development and has a genuine desire to help them learn, grow and succeed in their education. 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However, there were early legislative examples of Congress passing laws that mandated a type of health insurance or coverage by those who worked in the maritime industries (Ungar, 2011). The legislation titled â€Å"An act for the relief of sick and disable seamen† required thatRead MoreAnalysis of Moral Development in Young Children Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment theories by Early Childhood Educators. Theo ries posited by Sigmund Freud with regards to the psychological development of children in the early childhood arena will be discussed as well. Suggestions for parents on supporting the moral development of their children will also be addressed. Moral Development is defined as â€Å"changes in thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong† (Santrock, 2010). 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Research suggests that the use of positive social skills with peers early on can lead to the development of positive peer relationships, acceptance, and friendships. Although many children develop these positive social skills naturally, some children do not. Children who are withdrawn as well as young children with mental

Economy and Business Opportunities Method †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economy and Business Opportunities Method. Answer: Introduction: Austria located in the continent of Europe is one of the most prosperous country. Amongst the 14 richest countries, it is 114th largest nation in the world. Austrias economy is well developed with trained labor force, a huge service sector and viable manufacturing. Food and luxury commodities, mechanical engineering and steel construction, chemicals, and vehicle manufacturing are the most significant companies. The Austrian economic system is a liberated market economy contributing its investors principle conditions (globaltenders.com. 2016). It is naturally rich in iron ore, non-ferrous metals, important minerals and earths and is one of the largest provider of hydroelectric power. It is strongly united with other EU countries specially Germany. Austrias major imports includes machinery and equipment, moods, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products and foodstuffs (Austria.org. 2017). Since World War II, there has been a significant decline in the agricultural share in Austrian economy. There is an inadequacy in production of dry food and nuts as they are restricted to locally grown products like apples, pears and walnuts. The EU, Germany, Turkey and the United States are amongst the major exporters of nuts in Austria. However, there is a continuous increase in demand of nuts particularly almonds by Austrian customers. During the year 2015, dried fruits and nuts imported from The United States were worth USD22.4 million, thereby proving that there is a favorable market opportunity for other countries in this field. Nuts mainly almonds are popular as a snack and are used in the production of breakfast cereal and by other food processing companies. Being the worlds second largest producer of almonds, Australian almond industry is the leader in horticultural export industry. With favorable weather conditions, Australia has huge almond orchards. Production is more eff icient due to automated harvest systems which reduces labor input. There has been a constant increase in the production of almonds in Australia. With free trade agreements and almonds being the largest nut crop in Australia, country is expanding its exports worldwide (Farell 2015). The United States which is one of the major supplier of nuts in Austria has been badly hit due to constant drought in California. There has been an automatic increase in the pricing, hence beneficial for Australia to explore Austrias nut market. The above graph shows that there has been 740% growth in almond production in Australia. Thereby, the country has the opportunity to grow globally. Select Harvests is one of the largest producer and seller of wide variety of nuts and related products in Australia. It is the biggest almond grower and exporter worldwide. It has expanded its horizons in rapid growing markets of India, China, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. With 270 permanent employees, company is continuously expanding its exports of almonds, muesli and health food, thereby looking for new market opportunities in other countries. As discussed above, there is a constant rise in demand of natural foods and nuts especially almonds and with Californias drought stricken condition, Select harvest will have a favorable market for its almonds and other related products in Austria. Situation Analysis is the base of a marketing plan. It takes into consideration both internal as well as external environmental factors to build an overview of the organization. In the present an analysis of the situation comprising of the business environment, analysis of the market of Austria, the competition to be faced by the company Select Harvest and the analysis of the organization, Select Harvest is being done for better understanding of the decision of Select Harvest as to why it prefers to invest in Austria. Business environment comprises of all the external and internal factors that affects the functioning of a company. Macro and micro are the two kinds of external marketing environment. Macro environmental factors includes demographic, legal, political, technological changes and natural forces. However, micro environmental factors includes the suppliers, resellers, customers, competitors, and the general public. Being a democratic republic, Austria is a safe country with low political risk. It is one of the member of European Union. Hence, political scenario will be sanguine for Select Harvest to import its products. Economically, Austria is very strong. Despite of suffering from recession, it has a well developed economy with trade being its crucial part (Singh 2016). Again, providing a favorable economical condition for Select Harvest to enter its market. Socially, people in Austria has high standard of living and the same is understandable and proved as according to World Competitiv eness Yearbook 2009, it has been ranked as number 1 in quality of life. Select Harvest who is presently managing countrys largest almond orchards, would cater Austrian consumers ever increasing demand for high quality natural products. The country is very much advanced in technology. Legally, labor organizations play an important part in overall business in Austria and further to this Select Harvest would be profitable as Austria has business-friendly tax system as well. Apart from the above when it comes to assessing the environment of Austria, it is found that post the World War, the country has been extensively engaged into the work of erecting and sustaining the development and upliftment of the industries. Thereby since Select Harvest plans to invest and start its business dealings with the said country, it will have to ensure to take into considerations the various environmental laws formulated since various laws have been spelt out to ensure that the environment is kept under pollution control if not free in all aspects. Market Analysis In todays scenario, consumers are adopting healthier lifestyle and opting for low calorie foods. During the last few years, there has been a rapid increase in food and beverage expenditure. Austria is self-contained for several commodities in organic production. Good market prospects exists for the commodities which are not locally produced. as Austria is mostly mountainous, only plain areas of eastern Austria and some portions of western and northern Austria are suitable for the production of crops. Also due to non favorable weather conditions, Austria is deficient in dried fruits and nuts. As of 2011, estimated total imports of dried fruits and nuts is $150 million which was $130 million in the year 2009.Thereby, showing that there has been a tremendous rise in its demand. Almonds being the major commodity within this category. The forecast for Austrian consumer expenditures on food and beverages (non-alcoholic and alcoholic including tobacco) in 2015 is at USD 3,112 per capita, wh ich is 13.3% of total consumer expenditures. The share of food and beverage expenditures is fairly stable (export.gov.2016). Globally, in the year 2013, Australia has been ranked as number 2 in almond production. With its shares listed on the Australian stock exchange, Select Harvest is the leading Australian nut and health food company. Almonds which are rich in fibre and protein offers a healthy snack and is also used as an important ingredient in many dishes worldwide, particularly in cereals and bakery items. Select harvest provides world class organic products majorly almonds which specifically seems to be best suited for the people of Austria due to their preference for a high standard of living. It has a perfect business market opportunity in Austria which would meet the constantly growing demand of its consumers (International Business Publication 2017). The total market size of dried fruits and nuts as estimated in 2011 is $126 million which was $108 million in 2009, thereby providing an insight of the Austrian market condition and an attraction for Select Harvest to look into Austria as an attrac tive location for expanding its existing business. The biggest supplier of dried fruits and nuts to Austria are Germany, The European Union and Turkey. The United States is fourth in supplying nuts. Out of estimated $150 million imports in the year 2011, the United States accounts for $15million which was $13 million in the year 2009, increased to $22.4 in 2015. Austria imported USD 120 million worth of U.S. agricultural, fishery and forestry products in 2015. Official import numbers do not include significant and steadily growing transshipments of U.S. products from other EU countries.(Source: Global Trade Atlas/Statistic Austria). Hence, real import values are way higher. The above graph evidently states United States as the major competitor for Select Harvest dominating the market with 79% of almond production globally. It has a huge competitive advantage over other countries when it comes to its production and exports. The European Union being the second. Commercially, almonds are grown in California, North America. However, with the constant drought condition in the state, it has resulted in lowering of export volumes, thereby increasing the prices. Australia with 8% of global almond production, can expand its industry worldwide. Select Harvest will have a huge potential in Austria for its almonds. Currently, the company is one of the major exporter trading across the world. It aims at increasing its geographical diversity. Sales of the company has already risen manifolds. With constant expansion plans and high quality products Select harvest can successfully sustain and earn profits in Austria (export.gov. 2016). Organisational Analysis Select Harvest, one of the Australias leading almond producing company was established in the year 1983 with its headquarters in Melbourne. It has huge orchards stretched over New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. The company excels in horticulture, orchard management, processing, sales and marketing. It not only offers nut based products but also has a huge market for other healthy products like muesli and dried fruits(Selectharvest.com.au. 2017). During the soaring season, it has a competence of processing 22,000 tones of almonds. Lucky, Sunsol, Nu-Vit, Meriram, Soland, Allinga Farms and Renshaw are its primary brands. There has been 175% rise in 2014s $21.6 million profit after tax audit of AUD $59.4 million, as per companys financial report ending 30th June 2015 ((Australian Food News. 2015).With Paul Thompson as the managing director, the company has expanded globally. The graph above evidently shows a growth of 285% of Australian almond exports. Select Harvest , leading manufacturer and exporter is a major contributor in this figure. Hence, Select Harvest has competitive advantage over other countries by having geographically diversified almond orchards, free trade agreements, increased consumer requirement for almonds due to health awareness and reduction in exports from America due to continuous drought. SWOT as the name suggests covers strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with the company. It helps the company in making strategic decisions as it takes into account both internal and external factors. With regards to product opportunity i.e. almonds by Select Harvest, an Australian company entering Austrian market, SWOT Analysis provides an insight to the company to make significant decisions in this ever changing environment. The strength of Select Harvest company is that it is a leader in almond grower with its own huge orchards. There has been a continuous increase in growth of almonds and its exports. It has a huge share in domestic as well as international market. However, weaknesses of the company is that it has to pay taxes and has relatively small business unit as compared to the companies in United States who are the major supplier in Austria. The opportunities that the company has is the ever increase in demand of almonds by Austrian consumers. In Austria, with the increase in income, consumers are more inclined towards healthy lifestyle. Thereby, the opportunities that the company has is the ever increase in demand of almonds by Austrian consumers. It has a diversified product base and is not limited in producing almonds. The company is spreading its base by expanding its almonds orchards, hence can easily meet the demands. Also, it is well established globally. Thus, will not face many challenges while entering Austrian market. Lastly, government regulations is the possible threat for the company (advisorgate.com. 2016). Also, despite having drought conditions, United States continues to be major exporter of almonds in Austria. Hence, t o sustain and be profitable Select Harvest has to ensure high quality products. References: Advisorgate.com. (2016). Select Harvest SWOT analysis, Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats for over 40000+ companies and industries. Retrieved from https://swot.advisorgate.com/swot-s/34113-swot-analysis-select-harvest.html Austria.org. (2017). Economy. Retrieved from https://www.austria.org/economy/ Australian Food News. (2015). Australias amazing nut industries are global players. Retrieved form https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/10/05/australias-amazing-nut-industries-are-global-players.html Export.gov. (2016). Austria- Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.export.gov/article?id=Austria-Agriculture Farell,R. (2015). Australia: Almonds Booming Downunder. Retrieved from https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Almonds%20Booming%20DownUnder_Canberra_Australia_8-21-2015.pdf Globaltenders.com. (2016). Economy and Business Opportunities from Austria. Retrieved from https://www.globaltenders.com/economy-of-austria.php International Business Publication. (2017). Austria- Export-Import, Trade and Business Directory. Austria Selectharvest.com.au. (2017). About Select Harvest. Retrieved from https://selectharvests.com.au/our-company/ Singh,R. (2016). PESTLE analysis in Austria. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/55796405/Pestle-Austria

Changes In Amazon Essays - Amazon Rainforest,

Changes In Amazon During the past several decades, changes in the global climatic pattern has become evident and has attracted much attention from both the general public and the professional environmental organizations. Deforestation is one of the main reasons for these known changes. One of the reasons that cause the disappearing of the Amazon rainforest is industrial logging, which is the single largest problem. Other problems that also contribute to the disappearing of the Amazon forests include road construction, cattle ranching, and the production of wood products, all of which are important factors to be considered. The Amazon rainforest is the world's largest rain forest today, which has 54 percent of the total rainforests that are remaining on the planet. If Amazonia is a country, it would be the ninth largest country in the world. The Amazon is very important because it is a major contributor to the balance of global climatic patterns and because it provides places for variety of living orga nisms. A single pond in Brazil can contain more kinds of fish than are found in all of Europe's rivers. Twenty-five acre of rainforest in Borneo may contain over seven hundred species of trees, which is equal to the number of trees in the whole North America; one single rainforest in Peru has more bird species than the entire United States. One tree in Peru had forty-three different species of ants, which is the estimated to be equal to the number of ant species in the British Isles. The Amazon rainforest is truly amazing. (Taylor, Leslie. Herbal Secrets of the Rainforest. Prima Publishing, Rocklin, CA) (Steen, Harold K., and Tucker, Richard P. Changing Tropical Forests.Forest History Society, 1992) For years, however, the Amazon suffered from non-stop deforestation. It is estimated that, as of 1997, 52 million hactre of Amazon rainforest has been cut down. According to scientific estimation, if such rate of destruction in Amazon is not controlled, nearly 80 to 90 percent of its present ecosystem will be destroyed by the year 2020 (Taylor Leslie, Herbal Secrets of the Rainforest. Prima Publishing, Rocklin, CA). Similarly, the rate of the destruction of rainforests around the world is currently increasing, especially after the year 1997. As Jean-Paul Jeanrenaud, head of the Amazon forest program stated, 1997 will be remembered as the year the world caught fire. During that year, over 200,000 acres of rainforest were cut or burned each day. That is, over 150 acres of rainforests disappeared every minute. At this rate, more than half of the world's tropical rainforest will be cut down for industrial uses in less than 50 years. While it is generally recognized that reforestation pr ograms in the Amazon region are essential to the global climate, the Brazilian economic problems are preventing or delaying the initiation of these programs. Cattle ranching is the primary reason for deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. When the demand in the world for meat increases, more rainforest lands are being destroyed and turned into farmland for animals. By estimation, there are 220 million cattle, 20 million goats, 60 million pigs and 700 million chickens, in South America just to meet the world's demand. (Eden, Michael J. Ecology and Land Management in Amazonia. London, and New York: Belhaven Press, 1990) The cattle ranching program continues to move southward into the center of South American rainforests. Large acres of land in the Amazon rainforest are been cut and burned then reseeded with grass for cattle and other farm animals. Currently, the cattle ranching business in the Amazon rainforest has caused a total of 500,000 acres of rainforest destroyed. This has already effected the natural rainforest's ecosystem. Environmental Issues

HIV Testing paper essays

HIV Testing paper essays Mandatory HIV Testing: Wasteful or Worthwhile? Human Immunodeficiency Virus, more commonly known as HIV is a disease that leaves a person receptive to life-threatening infections. It attacks the immune system. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the basic cause of AIDS worldwide, while HIV-2 is found in West Africa. HIV infection occurs when a person comes in contact with an infected persons bodily fluids, including semen, blood, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. The main ways a person could become infected with HIV is sexual relations with an infected person, pricking of a hypodermic needle that an infected person has used, or a mother transferring it to her child through birth or breast-feeding (Human). HIV testing should not be mandatory because of how few people are infected, an infected persons rights, and discrimination. There are very few people infected with HIV in the world. In 2000, only 36,100,000 people were infected worldwide while the number of people worldwide is in the billions. Only 920 thousand people in North America are infected with HIV (Agence France-Presse). The mast majority of people who ask for HIV testing to be done are usually at the lowest risk for HIV. They ask for the tests because of fear and guilt. Many people believe that if they pay for test themselves, it does not increase HealthCare costs. Even if you do pay for the tests yourself, it ultimately does increase HealthCare costs. This is because tests are done unnecessarily, it costs more for the lab to extra money to hire and train staff to do those tests and purchase additional equipment. Insurance companies will not usually pay for these tests when they are unessential. Testing should only be done when there is a clinical need for the tests. Many times people are tested when they have been around a person who is known to be infected or if they are having symptoms that ...

Journal opinion article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal opinion article - Essay Example The article of Scism and Tergesen Getting Smart about Annuities attempts to address the economic issue in the U.S economy. The authors attempt to reveal the changes in the stock market because of the shift from defined benefits to pension plans contribution in the U.S economy. Annuity markets have started expanding but the slow economic growth in the global market has become a major problem. Annuity refers to the payment made for life insurance or it is simply referred as the U.S financial products; thus the article attempts to address the way consumers can become elegant about annuities. Annuity issue has become among the most aspects for the recent decades because of the need to improve the quality of life (Scism and Tergesen para. 1). Although financial advisers have not been popular with annuities, it has become one of the hot products in the U.S market. The products do not offer the potential for outsized gains but there is a guarantee for some benefits (Scism and Tergesen para. 3). Consumers need to be smart when dealing with these products because there are some associated risks that may arise including investment losses but it appears that annuities have irrefutable appeal. At first, annuity offers a way for restoring some financial security for golden years but there is no clear evidence that retirees with standard paychecks will be happier than those relying on exclusively social security supplement. It appears that annuities will not offer contentment to consumers; hence one needs to be smarter before making a decision about life annuity. Moreover, annuities in the contemporary global financial markets have an undeniable appeal for those grappling with investment losses (Scism and Tergesen para. 4). The problem with this is because investors may have a common idea about the importance of annuity but a few of them may recognize the strategies available for making these financial products a part of their assets. Therefore, it is crucial for one to figu re out the total amount of products one needs to purchase maybe whether he or she wants to put money to work immediately or slowly and what to invest with the remaining balance. Scism and Tergesen offer significant and best ways that one should do in order to achieve success or avoid any financial losses (Scism and Tergesen para. 3). One of them is the immediate gratification because immediate annuity can enable one to convert payment for a month, quarterly or yearly income for life. Although most immediate annuities are fixed, immediate annuities can offer considerable higher sustainable revenue than the ones being generated from the venture portfolio. For example, an older a man who purchases an immediate annuity is likely to receive about 8.4 percent of the total amount which he instead (Scism and Tergesen para. 5). This is significant because the payment has interest rates and they are guaranteed to continue increasing for the rest of one’s life. Another way is longevity rider and this is one way of preserving more for purchasing a differed-income annuity (Scism and Tergesen para. 7). This generates an income for life and one may benefit; however, the economists have attempted to argue as to whether it is significant for one to purchase for a longevity rider or conventional immediate annuity. This is in case the financial benefits outweigh the annuity pool; thus one may likely to undergo losses. However,

IP 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IP 5 - Essay Example 2. The second position is in Maryland, earning $65,000 per year. You found a starter duplex that you can purchase with an assessed value of $135,000. Property taxes average 2.4% of the assessed value. The state sales tax rate is 1% higher than in Pennsylvania, and it also applies to food and clothing. Marylands state income tax rate is 1.5% higher than Pennsylvanias. With the data above, complete the following table, with all values rounded to the nearest cent. Note that the Difference column is the difference between Pennsylvania’s and Maryland’s values. (Hint: Property tax only applies to housing; state sales tax only applies to purchases and food and clothing, when applicable; and income tax only applies to the salary.) The difference in cost of living between the two locations (Maryland and Pennsylvania) based on the differences in sales tax, income tax, and property tax is $3,033.75. In other words, I have to pay an additional $3,033.75 in taxes in Maryland as compared to Pennsylvania. This does not much influence which job to choose, as the difference in taxes (sales tax, income tax, and property tax) of $3,033.75 is much less as compared to the difference in salary $15,000 between the two

Writing In A State Of Siege English Literature Essay

Writing In A State Of Siege English Literature Essay The ten years between 1948 and 1958 recorded the bustle and disturbance of social life and exhibited the necessity and possibility of a united fight against racial discrimination. The wide spread resentment at the pass-laws, liquor raids and inadequate amenities in 1950 resulted in the suppression of Communism Act. The word communist it self meant unlawful. In 1952, eight thousand people were imprisoned for opposing the apartheid regulations. Chief Albert Luthuli, the President General of the African National Congress was banned for his commitment to a democratic and inter-racial future in South Africa. Things were in oblivion and in 1958, as the whites did not require any permits, the Fugards were advised to go to Sophiatown, a freehold township, a place which combined magic and smut, respectability and crime, black and white and the most lively and crowded of all the African townships, where the blacks and the whites could move freely, with certain social constraints. As Jurger Schadeberg observes, There was poverty in Sophiatown. There were areas that were somewhat slummy. There were gangs. There were crime and there were cutthroats, but it was a real suburb. It had all the facilities a normal suburb has. Whereas when people moved to Orlando or Meadowlands, or whatever, there was nothing there. Sophiatown was romanticized afterwards. Sophiatown was a symbol because it was a place where people were not mixed than in other places. And people owned their own property. (Schadeberg, 2002: 111-112) Sophiatown was predominantly black and also predominantly poor. The greater part of Sophiatown was a sickening slum. As Don Mattera observes the little Chicago of Johannesburg was essentially known for its cosmopolitan flavor and every conceivable space was occupied by a living thing man or animal. (Mattera 1987:49). Derek Cohen also observes, The small corner of the world, the all but forgotten township of the 1950s, Sophiatown, teems with the variety and vivacity of the world itself. Deep in the bowels of this house of hunger, where men and women tread a diurnal mill of deprivation and indignity, lie, as Fugard reminds us, humanity and strength3.(1984:273-284)) The township also had a surprisingly stunning intellectual atmosphere as the black journalists were trying to express their feelings. Jim Baileys Drum magazine covered the township life. Drum ran articles almost every month, reporting on crime figures, the circumstances forcing ordinary citizens into a life of crime, and the shebeen culture, which fed these offences. Benjamin Pogrund, a liberal friend of the Fugards advised Fugard that he would find the right atmosphere in Sophiatown for his play. The only job Fugard could find was that of a clerk in a Native Commissioners Court where offenders of the pass-laws were tried. The cruel conditions gave birth to his pessimism and his earlier incomplete novel (Tsotsi) found its voice in the two plays of his apprenticeship years, No-Good Friday and Nongogo which represented the travails of the black township. Though they were his early plays and though they lacked the dramatic charm and vision of his later plays, they indicate the struggling mind of Fugard to represent his stance as a dramatist. If No Good Friday projects the impact of bad economic conditions on the individuals who aspire for better social conditions and education, Nongogo reflects the aspirations of the people who dream for better living and individual dignity. These two early plays belong to the formative stage of Fugards maturity as a dramatist. No-Good Friday and Nongogo both represent the apartheid trauma of the South African Society. An exploration (Gray,1981:56-63) into the manuscripts of the first novel of Fugard, (which he threw into the Fiji lagoon) Tsotsi, which was published in 1980, reveals Fugards anxiety during his apprenticeship years to present the problems within the existing conditions. Fugards early plays, No-Good Friday and Nongogo also share some of the aspects of Tsotsi as they were set against the same milieu. Stephen Gray5(1981:56) feels that the characters of Tsotsi appeared in the subsequent plays of Fugard like The Blood Knot, Hello and Goodbye, People Are Living There, Boesman and Lena and in many of his plays written during the 1970s. Fugard presents the burning zeal of an incipient black revolutionary against the exploitation faced by the blacks in No-Good Friday (1958). This play works at two levels at the surface level, it appears to be a mere representation of the conditions of the blacks; but at deeper levels, it records the helplessness of the blacks in the face of exploitation by their own fellow men during the conditions of the apartheid. Fugard presents the oppressive politics working on the life of the township in various forms. Crime by African against African was an everyday reality in Sophiatown. For example an article in the November 1951 issue of Drum, The Birth of a Tsotsi, describes the classic circumstances under which a young boy takes the wrong turning: With grinding poverty and the sea of squalor that surrounds the Gold City, it is not difficult to understand the rest. There is a struggle for existence, and the individual intends to survive. Fugard records this struggle in a naturalistic manner in his early plays like No-Good Friday and Nongogo. Willie Seopela, the independent and stubborn protagonist is an aspiring youngman and he stays with Rebecca, his lady love. Willie, an intellectual in the making, with hopes for a brighter and better living, is a student pursuing his undergraduate studies through correspondence. He represents the image of the desperately stubborn black young men of South Africa. Despite hard circumstances, Willie is optimistic and highly independent. He is liked by Father Higgins, the white humanist who visits the black ghettos to offer solace. Father Higgins introduces Tobias, an innocent villager, who comes to Sophiatown for a better living, to Willie and asks him to fix him somewhere, as he is badly in need of money for his living. Willie, aware of the catastrophic situation that awaits black people in the township, asks Tobias not to entertain big dreams. He does not make any promise to Tobias. The residents of the black township are frequently nagged by Shark, a black gangster who appears every Friday, the day of their weekly payment. The innocent residents ought to offer a share from their pay packets either to Shark or similar other gangsters in trains and on roads. They cannot even make a complaint against them to the police, for, they do not have the pass-books to stay in that town. In a way, they buy their protection from Shark, their fellow black South African. Even the independent Willie makes a passive living allowing the share for Shark from his Fridays pay-packet. Tobias, unaware of these facts innocently argues about the share and gets killed in the hands of Shark. It is only after the death of Tobias, Willie realises the gravity of the situation, the result of their passive attitude and decides to oppose Shark in spite of the murderous consequences. In the process, he sacrifices his love for Rebecca. The play ends with Willie getting prepared for the challenge. The play projects a story of loss of relationships, loss of values and loss of security or protection in the white repressive world. Willie, the protagonist condemns the situation in Johannesburg and very often he appears to be the mouth-piece of Fugard. We are frequently reminded of the life-situation described in Peter Abrahams Mine Boy ,Alan Patons Cry, the Beloved Country and Alex La Gumas A Walk in the Night and And a Threefold Cord. Life is not easy there and it has become unbearable, as observed by Father Higgins, a character in No Good Friday. The grim situation of an unprotected life is summed up by Guy very well. Speaking about Shark, he says: Dont you understand? Hes got shares in the police station. . . . . . You can forget about the police. They protect a fellow like Shark. You see they are only interested in our passes. But a Kaffir laying a charge against a criminal-that would be a joke. We are all criminals. Look, Father, do not be hard on us. You know what I have just said better than any other white8. (1977: 146) As in The Blood Knot and other plays here too Fugard arranges his scenes and the protagonist to present the conditions which reflect their predicament. Asked by Guy to explain their sad life, Willie says that the music of their life is a song of melancholy, loneliness and despair (1977:125) and this is reflected in every scene, every chapter and every dialogue. The play portrays the hard realities of the life in Sophiatown, especially on Friday, which is a fertile acre for troubles (1977:126). Father Higgins, though aware of the all pervading nature of sorrow, expresses his helplessness when Willie asks him if he wants to plant a daffodil in his yard. As Don Mattera describes: The ghetto-like township was unpredictable and dangerous. There were times of searching for a loved one in some alley; finding him or her wounded in a hospital or jail, or dead in a morgue. Or checking for husband or father, a brother or a son who had never returned home from work. Or waiting for a mother, an aunt or sister who did not get off the bus or tram where you usually waited for them. Then the anguish and anxiety that would follow reports of a woman raped, beaten and robbed by the jobless and wont work brigades of tsotsis who owned the days and ruled the nights.'(1987:50) No-Good Friday portrays all these problems in Sophiatown, absence of care by the government, unemployment, frustration, poverty, insecurity, gangsterism, evils of pass-laws, broken bonds of love and the cheapness'() of life seen through the lives of various characters. Despite the hard work, they can hardly reach homes safely with their Friday pay-packets. Reflecting the problems of township life, the play is presented in the back yard of Willie and it indicates their poverty amidst iron shacks. The play has black as well as white characters, like Father Higgins, who resembles Rev. Trevor Huddleston, who made a crusade against the stringent laws of the apartheid in the townships. It also records the migration of the innocent youth to the townships to find employment. The play records the raging gangsterism, a social evil, an oppression by the notoriously stronger ones, which has no opposition. It also shows how the underprivileged ones are victimised. The race-laws worsen the condit ions of living and the Group Areas Act had restricted the blacks in the name of the pass-books. The pass laws had been a permanent threat to the African people. As observed by Edward Roux: The pass laws held the people in conditions of abject poverty and subjection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ were the cause of sharp racial friction between the peoples of South Africa upheld the cheap labour system which resulted in malnutrition, starvation and disease and filled gaols with innocent people, thus creating wide-spread crime19.(1964:320). Fugard also projects the hidden social angle the White police mans hidden understanding with the black gangsters like Shark. Speaking about the crime of Sophiatown Bloke Modisane writes, I learned there in Sophiatoown,that one looked at the killing and never at the faces of the killers; one also knew that the law is white and justice casual, that it could not protect us against the knives of Sophiatown, so we tolerated the murders whilst the law encouraged them with its indifference.( 1986:63) The residents of Sophiatown cannot approach the police, who are obviously on the side of law. The blacks continue their survival in hellish conditions. These and similar conditions are portrayed in a more powerful manner in Sizwe Bansi is Dead. If Tsotsi traces both gangsterism and the realisation on the part of the protagonist in a single individual, No-Good Friday projects the evils of gangsterism through Shark and the realisation appears in the protagonist, Willie. Having understood the significance of life and the way it is being shattered in Sophiatown, Willie mourns over the misery of their lives and the impossibility of living. He realizes that life is not a fairy tale with a happy ending. The absurdity of living forces him not only to be away from Rebecca but from his own life itself. To make his life more purposeful and less mundane, he wants to oppose Shark by informing the police. His dreams of living happily ever after get shattered and he says: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.I gave up dreaming. Tobias reminded me of too much, Guy. He was going to make some money and live happily ever after. Thecosy little dreamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ like this, Willie and Rebecca lived happily ever after! Thats how the fairy stories end and its stupid because, out there is life and it is not ending happily14. (1977:155) He feels that life is vain and useless without a protest against the problem. He blames the individuals within his society including himself for allowing such problems. Willies opposition to Shark and the words of the cunning politician Watson project Fugards anger against such conditions. When life becomes dreadful and unprotected, it becomes meaningless. The death of Willie is not the end of the sequence, but it makes a bold beginning of opposition against gangsterism. It is also the frustration and struggle for a better life. The action of the play takes place between two Fridays and the play carries various emotions like humour, satire, shame, anger, frustration and tragedy, the representative feelings of an impoverished, fragmented and violent society20. (Sheila Fugard: 1993:408).Watson, the politician stands as a satirical portrait of the townships black politicians, who demand a sacrifice from the innocent blacks, for their own betterment. The ironical dedication of the song of Guy, Friday Night Blues itself speaks about the theme of the play. Shark, the gangster with a significant name swallows people like Tobias and ironically praises those who pay him regularly. The play brings out the fact that the people of the township should not have cosy dreams about comfortable living. Going against the tradition of depicting the gangsters from the romantic viewpoint, as was done by other writers of his time, Fugard presents Shark, the gangster, as a cruel reality. As observed by Don Mattera, No story about gangsterism or violence in the townships of Johannesburg can be complete without that of Kort Boy- real name George Mbalweni the five-foot-nothing knifeman from Benoni, a former mining town on the East Rand near Johannesburgà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Kort Boy was a legend in his day much hated , much loved it all depended on which end of knife you were at.(1987:102) Characters in No-Good Friday are many, representing the unlimited problems of his society. Each character stands for a problem. Fugard does not offer any solution but he represents things as they are, for an understanding of what was going on in South Africa. As a symphathising white liberal he expresses his sense of helplessness in the wake of events and the act of writing itself becomes an act of courage and commitment as an individual and as a writer. Despite the removal of the apartheid condition, they enjoy their validity, for, these plays stand as records of the 1950s. Fugard brings out his message best the problem of survival in the wake of hopelessness, dejection and destruction. No Good Friday had its premiers on 30th August 1958 after ten years of the initiation of apartheid in South Africa on the primitive stage of the Bantu Mens Social Centre and Fugard was praised by the African monthly Zonk for giving his unknown actors, a wonderful opportunity to show their talents. Apart from the shows in Bantu Mens Social Centre, the play was also staged amidst church walls in the townships, to black audiences and in the White suburbs. Fugard was refused permission to see even the productions he directed. During the run of No-Good Friday Fugard established friendship with important directors like Barney Simon and Tone Brulin. Not only to the actors, but to the people (both blacks and whites) of Sophiatown, it offered a scope to see themselves and their problems on the stage. Although the play has its own technical faults, as observed by critics -like heavy plotting, unlimited characters etc, the play brings out the shaping mind of Fugard as a dramatist with social concerns. The characters apart from representing the troubled people of South Africa become potential images if Willie, Tobias, Rebecca and Guy stand as the victims, Shark and Watson stand as the wicked political images of the cruel exterior of South Africa. The repeated use of the fairy-tale image with its reference to the impossibility of comfortable life speaks about the predicament of the life of the blacks in South Africa under the pressure of the cruel racist law. Fugard does not present this drama as a mere piece of entertainment. It is a realistic document about the sorrowful living of the black people of Sophiatown who suffer from inter-and intra-racial oppression. Fugard recognises that to be black in South Africa is to be poor, and that black existence is imbued with the struggle to find release from the cycle of poverty and the mean quality of life indigence creates. (Albert Wertheim:) It provokes us to think and Fugard makes his observations and statements come alive through the characters he brings on to the stage. As observed by Sheila Fugard19, the germinative ideas of a nascent playwright got fortified in his later plays like The Blood Knot, Sizwe Bansi Is Dead, The Island, Master Haroldand the boys. Fugard incorporates his intellectual and individual stances of rebellion in Willie the black protagonist. Through him, he voices out his feeling, which necessitate the reason for opposition against the dreadful forces like gangsterism which bear the impact of several cruel racist laws; but according to Nkosi, the play had very little concern with the politics behind the chronic violence and gangsterism in the ghetto. (Vandenbroucke,Russell). Nkosi feels this as a limitation. On the other hand, white writers like Alan Paton and Fugard had observed moderation in depicting their conditions. As analysed by Albert Wertheim it was their moderation that drew world attention to the outrages of apartheid. The final speech of Willie is universal in its appeal, as it explains the reasons for the birth and growth of such evil forces within a society. By making the apartheid tragedy ACT on the stage, Fugard has achieved the theatrical and political meaning of two words acting and imagination. Although Fugard sets many of his plays in South Africa and more specifically in Port Elizabeth, he is not writing specifically South African tragedy, for he uses his South African setting and this presentation of South African life under apartheid rule to define a tragic situation imbued with meaning far beyond the geographical boundaries of South Africa.21 (Albert Wertheim) The play is not restricted to South Africa alone; it appeals to the living conditions of all common people who live in poverty ridden slums and ghettos of all parts of the world. As observed by Albert Wertheim, the play is set against a realistic background-it is a statement against oppression, a feature that is found everywhere in the world. REFERENCES Schadeberg,Jurger(ed).2002. Intervies, Johannesburg 15 March 2002:105-108(Transcript) Mattera,Don.1987.Gone with the twilight: A Story of Sophiatown. London,Zed Books. 3.Derek Cohen, Beneath the Underworld: Athol Fugards Tsotsi, World Literature Written in English, Vol. 23, No.2, (1984) 273-84. 4. Stephen Gray, The Coming into the print of Athol Fugards Tsotsi, Journal of Commonwealth Literature, Vol. XVI, No.1 (1981) pp 56-63. 5. Ibid.P.56 6. Athol Fugard, No-Good Friday, Dimetos and Two Early Plays, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1977. All subsequent references are to this edition. 7. No Good Friday, p 144. 8. ibid, 146. 9. ibid, 152. 10. ibid, 152. 11. ibid, 154. 12. ibid, 155. 13.Modisane,Bloke.1996.Blame Me on History, Goodwood,Western Cape: A.D.Donker 14. ibid, 155. 15. ibid, 160. 16. Albert Wertheim 17. No Good Friday, p 155 18. Mattera,Don.1987:50 19. Edward Roux, Time longer than Rope, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Winconsin Press, 1964) p. 320; Quoted by Mbulalo Vizikhungo Mzamane, Sharpeville and its Aftermath: The novels of Richard Rive, peter Abrahams, Alex La Guma and Lauretta Ngcobo, Ariel, Vol. 16, No. 2, April 1985, pp. 30-44. 20. Sheila Fugard, The Apprenticeship Years, Twentieth Century Literature, Ed. By Jack Barbera, Vol. 39, No.4, Win 1993, p. 408. 21. Mattera,Don 22. Albert Wertheim 23. Russell, Vandenbroucke, Truths the Hand can Touch, p. 24. Albert Wertheim, ************** b) NONGOGO (1959) Like No-Good Friday, Nongogo also, but in a different way exposes the travails of the black people in Sophiatown. It exposes the anguish of the women who ran shebeens for livelihood and who longed for decency, though impossible. If Willie of No-Good Friday gets ready to face death with existential courage, Queeny of Nongogo laughs in the face of indecency and shame after a stubborn struggle against them. Nongogo, like No Good Friday also deals with the external and internal aspects of the troubled individuals against the backdrop of troubled economic conditions and suppressive rule. The unique quality of Sophiatown was further enhanced by its shebeen culture. Although blacks were not allowed to drink in the 1950s, they were not stopped by the prohibition. The Sophiatown shebeens sold illegal booze, both store-bought European liquor as well as home brewed skokian. But the shebeens were not merely informal drinking clubs. They were homely places where everyone knew each other. As apartheid ceased to exist, intellectuals like Can Themba, Nat Nkasa and others used to spread circles of literature in these shebeens. As Anthony Samson recalls: The shebeens, however, were another story. Here was what Nat Nakasa called that noble institution, those hospitable homes. Here was a place outside of apartheid as the names reflected: Back Othe Moon, Cabin in the Sky, Little Heaven, The Sanctuary, Kind Lady.(Nicol: 1991:97) Modisane recalls how his mother, after the death of his father, was forced to become shebeen queen in order to keep body and soul together. Her customers, he remembers, drank for one reason only to get drunk, as for them, getting drunk was a purposeful destruction of the pain of their lies, a drowsing of themselves in this orgiastic expenditure. They were breaking out, escaping from themselves. (1986:39) The bad economic conditions forced the black women to take up beer-brewing and shebeens to support their families and to send their children to schools. Apart from the naturalistic portrayal, Fugards play focuses light on the hidden ugliness of evil economic backdrop. As observed by Gerald Weales (1978:) both plays deal with the enervating force of the black situation in South Africa, but they do not so directly as an agitprop would. As in the novels of Peter Abrahams we watch shebeens, drunkards, squalor, hunger, and prostitution- as results of oppression. Dennis Walder(1993:414) in The Genesis of the Township plays observes: The Sophiatown plays nevertheless reflected the aspirations, violence, and vitality of urban black people,offering a window into the world of the correspondent student, Shebeen Queen, Tsotsi (gangster) and rural migrant for predominantly white, liberal audiences.They may now also be seen to have helped to legitimate everyday urban black experience the experience of the majority of South Africans as a subject, for blacks as well as whites. Nongogo presents the conflict between hope and despair, the celebration of life in all its beauty and the devalued existence without virtues. As observed by Russell Vandenbroucke Nongogo is a play about the actuality of the past and forlorn hopes for the future (: 22). The conflict is the result of victimisation. The play has two acts-with the first act getting prepared for decency and respectability, the second act plays a dirge upon the death of these two qualities decency and respectability. The play as a whole exposes the guilt-racked victims of South Africa in both physical and psychological terms. Their physical destruction culminates in their psychological crisis, where their souls wail with the anguish for being the victims of the rough exterior of South African society. The play Nongogo exposes two individuals who experience such angst and a sense of guilt. Both of them are spoiled by social conditions of South Africa. Johnny is badly used by the masochistic, sex-starved mine workers and Queeny-is exploited by the carnal appetite of the South African masculinity, during her fight to eke out a living. Both of them dream for betterment -for a life of decency and respectability which remain to be dreams-the dreams of impossibility. Johnny and Queeny both stand as the physical images of destruction of the psychological self. Like La Gumas A Walk in the Night this play projects the brutalisation that has corroded the moral faculties of the poor.(1973:55) As Fugardxx himself observes, man is more concerned about hunger physically and mentally. Johnny and Queeny become the victims of the hunger of loins and of the poor conditions of the neglected lot. There are other characters like Sam, Blakie and Patrick, who make a parasitic living and work against decency; and who are also in a way, the helpless victims of the poor conditions which can not be bettered, and they in turn victimise their fellow beings-Johnny and Queeny and their dreams of better living for their selfish purposes. The process of victimisation here as in No Good Friday, is the result of both the internal and external aspects of South Africa. Queeny, a nongogo a woman for two and six- the proprietress of a shebeen gets enthused by the arrival and speech of an unexpected salesman Johnny at her door-step. His mode of address makes her feel that she should regain her lost sense of decency. His legitimate living makes her think of dispensing with her shebeen and make a cleaner life with a sense of decency and respectability which remain to be dreams- the dreams of impossibility. Her trust in Johnny encourages her to start a legitimate cloth-business. Her idea of legitimacy creates distaste in Sam, her business partner and her earlier pimp and Blackie, her attendant. With the help of Patrick, a way-ward drunkard, Sam and Blackie spoil the mind of Johnny by sowing the seeds of suspicion. Johnny and Queeny come face to face and compelled by Johnny, Queeny unwillingly digs into her past and in this process, hates Johnny for his inability to understand a womans heart. The play ends with Queeny re-opening the shebeen. Fugard has taken care in portraying the character of Queeny. Her desire for better life with a sense of decency and her despair for not finding it form the crux of the plot. If No-Good Friday presents the process of victimization on the physical plane, dealing with the death of Tobias and of Willie, Nongogo deals with the same process, on the mental plane, indicating the death of the self, when there is the sense of guilt and helpless acceptance of the past life of filth. The crisis of Johnny and Queeny, the victims of the South African society gets interiorized in Nongogo. As Robert M. Post observes, in other plays of Fugard too we find these victims(1985:3-16). Morris and Zachariah in The Blood Knot, Frieda and Errol in the Statements; John and Winston, the political brothers in The Island; Gumboot Dhalami in Tsotsi; Sizwe Bansi in Sizwe Bansi Is Dead; Boesman and Lena in Boesman and Lena; Piet in A Lesson from Aloes and the title character of Dimetos-all of them have been victims in various ways. Queenys curiosity in shaping her life as she had wanted gets shattered. She stands helplessly alone before her own life, a testament of time, as a victim of circumstances. Her disappointment as a living being against past, present and future life is made explicit through the use of two images indicating time the singing wall-clock and the wrist watch. Fugard very keenly exhibits the absurdity of human living against the unchanging nature of time in the South African context. Johnny and Queeny remain as the victims of their conscience. The two plays Nongogo and No-Good Friday exhibit the emotional involvement of Athol Fugard in the problems of the township. The pathetic predicament of man and woman in the South African townships comes alive on the stage. Fugard displays no political purpose in his portrayal of the characters in this play. His artistic involvement as a writer and his personal reaction as a liberal individual made him represent them in a realistic manner. As he observes No-Good Friday and Nongogo are inflated verse dramas by a liberally-informed white-but both the plays are in prose. (Quoted by Russell, Vandenbroucke, THCT, p.25) The gold mines stand as a contrasting back drop to represent the cruel exterior of South Africa. As in No-Good Friday, in this play too, we find the process of victimization. Johnny and Queeny stand as the victims of external conditions with a battered conscience and shattered inner self. Johnnys extreme craving for pure life makes him blind to his circumstances. He fails to treat Queeny as a human being like himself with a yearning for perfection and for a life of decency. Queeny dominates the whole scene with her knowledge of life and an awareness of the nature of men. Her shrewd thinking and her mature opinions about womanhood against the backdrop of her unfortunate murky past as a nongogo elevate her. She says: There is now. But there was a time I thought I had all I wanted when I got this. But when I had it that was the end. There has been times I never knew what day it was in hereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and I never needed to know. Id wake up and think is it Monday or Tuesday, be Friday? It did not make any difference. Giving it a name did not make it any different from the rest. (p.91) She exhibits a dignity in the climactic scene when she is found re-opening the doors of her shebeen. Her poor conditions had made her a nongogo; her desire for betterment made her think of the life of decency and respectability and the presence of Johnny had made her once again the Queeny of shebeen. Her resurrection as the proprietress of shebeen makes her a tragic figure. She bursts out: What do you think Ive been doing for five years? It had ended Johnny, it was dead and buried when you walked in here. But you wont let it stay that way, will you? Youd be worse than Sam, who just sighs when he passes the grave. Youve dug it up. Youve performed a miracle, Johnny. The miracle of Jesus and Dead body youve brought it back to life. The warmth of your hate, the breath of your disgust had got it living again. Im not too old . . . not too fat . . . even you looked at me like you never looked at another woman. Gods put a lot of streets Ive not walked, lampposts Ive not stood under, faces Ive not smiled at. (p.11

Consumerism and Materialism in America Essay -- possesive, arrogant, s

The economy is a very fragile thing; however it can have an enormous impact on people. Americans especially are affected because they are so greedy, they always want more. Because Americans are very materialistic, they can become overly arrogant and possessive since they are used to getting their way, on account of having money. Some people are never satisfied with what they have; they are always on the lookout for more money and more possessions. Man requires food, shelter, clothing and fuel everything else is superfluous. Luxuries lead to things like materialism and greed. People need to realize that everyone is the same on the inside. Our ancestors didn’t have technology or a ton of money and they somehow survived. â€Å"For the improvement of ages have had but little influence on the essential laws of man’s existence; as our skeletons, probably, are not to be distinguished from those of our ancestors†. (Thoreau) Thoreau knew what most people today don’t, that we are all the same no matter how much money we have. Greediness can lead to negative characteristics such as gluttony and wastefulness. Our time on Earth is very limited; we do not have time to waste on materialism and greediness. We must focus on improving ourselves and our country. In Thoreau’s Economy, he compares greedy humans to being cooked because they are heated by their unnecessary materials. â€Å"The luxuriously rich are not simply kept comfortably warm, but unnaturally hot; as I implied before, they are cooked, of course à   la mode.† (Thoreau). People are constantly striving to have more than what they have. â€Å"...the need to ‘keep up’ have long been part of American culture.† (Schor) The need to have the newest and latest gadgets is very strong in Americans. Produc... ...position. Bedford/St. Martin's, 1991. 421-430. Gailbraith, John Kenneth. "The Dependence Effect." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St.Martin's, 1958. 478-481. Rose, Phyllis. "Shopping and Other Spiritual Adventures in America Today." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martin's, 1984. 482-484. Schor, Juliet. "The New Consumerism." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Compositon. Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 487-489. Smith, Joan. "Shop-Happy." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 490-494. Thoreau, Henry David. "Economy." Renee H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, Robin Dissin Aufses. The Language of Composition. Bedford/St. Martin's, 1854. 474-477.

Metin

ZEE: She’s a 19 year-old girl, suffering from anxiety and panic attacks. She is a quick-tempered, disorganized, untidy but clean girl. Although she tries to make others believe that she is a   liberal, in fact she is traditional. She has a strong sense of personal ethics. She can’t keep abreast of all innovations immediately. She suffers from insomnia at nights so she watches films when she can’t sleep. She’s addicted to cigarettes, but doesn’t drink alcohol. She’s passionately fond of her father and she has a tattoo showing her father’s date of birth on her leg. But she doesn’t show this to her father. She doesn’t answer telephone calls. Most of the time she rings it off before the other person speaks. HALUK: He is Zee’s 78 year-old father. He lives in Turkey. He is a childish man. He still watches the cartoon Tom & Jerry every morning. He’s trying to keep up with technology in order to prove that he isn’t old. He’s not a narrow minded man; on the contrary, he’s innovative in the same way as young people and thinks in the same way with them. The fact that he   ZEE was born to him in his old age makes him care for her very much. Though he knows that his daughter loves him, he also wants affection from her. He calls her daughter at least ten times a day. HILARY ZANETICH: She is the closest friend of ZEE. She was born in New Jersey. She is blond, tall and plump. She doesn’t mind her physical appearance, except at nights when she goes out. She wears the same clothes at school everyday. She’s quite a flexible and a positive person. Although she believes that ZEE is a hypochondriac and crazy, she loves her very much. All the time she says that their friendship has improved her character in many ways. Her flexibility makes HILARY extremely funny. The fact that she never minds anything sometimes gets her into trouble. The first person that ZEE asks about America is HILARY. However, as Hilary’s general knowledge is not sufficient, she calls her mother each time after Hilary’s answers. YAMAN GAZIOGLU: He is the closest Turkish boy friend of ZEE. He is very keen on girls, especially American blond girls. His most noticeable feature is that while he is speaking English, he applies direct translations from Turkish. For that reason, he usually talks about what ZEE can understand. (He translates Turkish idioms into English, but they make sense to no one except for ZEE.) Turkey is against America. As images of Turkey come from the international map, ZEE explains about Turkish people and the general features of Turkey   that have been left behind. When the camera-shot moves away from Turkey and starts to approach America, we see luxury shops, automobiles, and elite people shopping and having dinner in Merrick Park, where Zee lives. Following these images, the camera is slowly directed to Zee’s bedroom. Meanwhile, we grasp from Zee’s words that she wants to be far away from her American life style even for only one day. Starting the day. The first place we meet Zee is her bedroom. Cigarette ends at the bedside of Zee, burying her head in her pillow, a great many dresses on the floor and DVDs draw our attention. A film is already on the TV with low volume. There are pictures of her father and his letters to her on the walls. Her father’s call wakes Zee up. Her father, whose computer has already been locked, calls Zee to ask for her help. However, he doesn’t listen to what ZEE says and does what he wants. Zee, fed up with her father’s advice and warnings, hangs the phone up. Meanwhile she is called again by Blockbuster so that she will return the DVDs she rented from them. As she can’t go on sleeping, she calls the hairdresser to have her hair done. But she can’t have an appointment since a customer has sued   the hairdresser. Extremely disappointed Zee deals with her hair by herself, gets dressed and goes out. Traffic monster. While she is driving slowly towards school   listening to music at the highest volume, she almost runs into an car trying to overtake a slower vehicle. She has to swerve to the right and runs into the garden of a house. She immediately looks at the number plate of the automobile and,   shaking   all over,   calls the police.   But the police cannot help Zee as neither she nor her car is injured. They say to her, that’s life. 4) Accusation Zee goes to her French lesson with a Turkish friend and her teacher makes them get out of the class. The teacher tells Zee that she will punish her and expel her from school as Zee helped a friend with his homework. Zee explains to her teacher that she’s still trying to get used to American school system, adding that in Turkey helping one’s friends with their homework is not considered such a bad thing. After that, the teacher excuses Zee by pointing out that she mustn’t do it again. 5) For those buying one, the second is free of charge. Zee goes shopping with her American friend Hilary in their one and a half hour break. The salesman tries to persuade her by saying that if she buys two more underclothes from Victoria Secret shopping center, a freezer will be given to her free of charge. The attitude of the salesman makes Zee angry. 6) Post- it When Zee comes back to school, she can’t find a parking place in the enclosed car-park of the school, so she has no chance out of parking on the meters. But she has no coins at that moment and she knows that her automobile will be towed away if she parks there as she hasn’t paid the fines she already has. She first hesitates but decides to park her car there as soon as she realizes that she’ll be late for her class. She gets out of   her car and   writes the following note on a post-it, putting it on the parking meter; â€Å"I’m sorry, but I have no coins. PLEASE DO NOT PULL MY AUTO AWAY, I WILL BE BACK WITHIN TWO HOURS.†Ã‚   She then sticks it on the windshield.